---

Background and Purpose: The achievements of modern medical schools are linked to the past schools of this science. Understanding the basic sciences of these schools is essential for accurate understanding of them. Understanding the anatomy of the nerves as a part of these basic sciences in traditional Persian medicine and its role in the occurrence and treatment of the diseases is of great importance. In this study, we scrutinized the anatomy of the cranial nerves from Razi and Ibn Sina's point of view and compared it with Gray's Anatomy.
Methods and Materials: In this comparative study, we reviewed the anatomy of the cerebral nerves in terms of their number and function in Al-Mansouri fi al-Tibb and Al-Qanun fī al- Tibb, two important books of the Islamic civilization, and compared them with the book of Gray's Anatomy.
Results: From the viewpoint of modern medicine including Grey's Anatomy, the number of cranial nerves is twelve pairs, but in the abovementioned books, they are seven pairs. The primary and terminal nerves of the brain are almost similar in terms of naming and function to modern medicine. In the case of the Middle Brain Nerves, while the function of these nerves is similar to modern medicine, but different parts of one nerve may match different parts of several nerve pairs.
Conclusion: The reason for discrepancy with the new anatomy is the difference in the number of cranial nerves which is due to the lack of naming, and naming of some neural branches as one branch due to convergence of exit nerves. However, in describing the function of these nerves, almost all branches have been addressed. Ibn Sina also mentions more detail comparing to Razi's Al-Mansouri book on the cranial nerves.

---

Background and Purpose: Since illnesses have always accompanied human life, using medicinal plants has a history as long as the history of mankind. Documents in the history of medicine and pharmacy belonging to several thousand years ago contain valuable experiences and information on herbal medicine. This study aims to assess medicinal plants used by herbalists and indigenous people in Darreh Shahr located in Ilam province.

Materials and Methods: Data was collected via face-to-face semi-structured interviews with six herbalists and 25 indigenous people from different villages with various ethnicities. To improve the accuracy of collected information, the first author spent 20 days working in a herbal medicine store. Additionally, participatory field walk with indigenous people was performed during data collection.

Results: The results showed that the type of consumed medicinal plants varies from season to season. Descurainia sophia, Lalementia iberica, Cichorium intybus, Mentha piperita and Citrus aurantium were used in spring and summer, while Zataria multiflora, Foeniculum vulgare, Cuminum cyminium, Cinnamomum zeylancum, Zingiber officinale, Satureja khuzistanica, Allium iranicum, Altheae officinalis, Malva sylvestris and Anthemis cotula were used in autumn and winter. Most identified species belonged to Lamiaceae, Asteraceae and Apiaceae families. Results of this study also indicated that medicinal plants are mostly used for food preparation, curing colds, and kidney and gastrointestinal illnesses. It was found that aerial parts, especially flowers were the most frequently used parts, while the root zone was used least.

Conclusion: The current study provides valuable data for documentation of traditional knowledge of medicinal plants among herbalists and indigenous people. Moreover, it has applications for decision-makers and planners in developing medicinal plants economy in the region.