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In this work, Human Anatomy (Tashrih-e-Mansuri) by Mansur ibn Mohammad Ibn Ahmad Shirazi is introduced and its 21 points are compared to the modern anatomy. Mansuri expounds on functional differentiation between arteries and veins based on their grossly visible constituent fiber (li:f) structure. The author describes the anatomic difference in pulmonary artery as the artery with only one layer which makes it appropriate for the exchange of gentle breeze (oxygenation) and elimination of smoke (CO2). While describing the accurate anatomic course of the vessel, mistake is incurred as to its origin probably instigated by the leftward course, similar to the aorta. The author gives a relatively accurate description of the coronary arteries as well as the proximal branches of the aorta namely the subclavian and carotid arteries are well described and it site of entrance to the brain is well described in distinction to the vertebral arteries traversing processes of the cervical vertebrae. The major branches of the descending aorta including the origin of renal arteries as well as the more distal iliac and femoral bifurcations are also described.
 

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The Tashrīḥi Manṣūri (Mansuri’s Anatomy) is the most comprehensive Persial-language anatomy textbook of Iranian medical history, which has greatly influenced anatomy textbooks written thereafter. In this paper, the Oradeh treatise of the book was investigated and some parts have been compared with modern knowledge. Twenty one points including the following topics were analyzed and reviewed. Al-Mansuri used the expression “Ergh-e Saken” (stationary vessel) for veins, and pointed to the following items: origin of veins, arterial veins, nutritional transportation from blood vessels to tissues by diffusion, portal vein and its function, positioning and function of vena cava, the eight tributaries of portal vein, gastric blood supply, splenic vein branches, intrahepatic blood circulation, inferior phrenic veins, pericardio-phrenic veins, vena cava branches, the branches that drain into superior vena cava, venous branches of internal thoracic vein, internal jugular veins, jugular vessels, sphincters, arm venous plexus, and the terminal branches of femoral vein.

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The first step in determination of the Islamic and Iranian scientists’ contribution to medical science advancements and also achieving their knowledge is critical and comparative analysis of their knowledge versus modern sciences. In this study, we have compared some points of “muscles” treaties of the Persian book “Tashrih-e badan-e ensan” (human body anatomy), also known as Tashrih-e Mansuri, by Mansur Ibn Mohamad Ibn Ahmad Shirazi with modern science. In this paper, nine points were compared and criticized, including: 1- describing the brain function and that brain is the origin of sense and movement, 2- accompanying of nerves, connective tissue, tendons, and ligament with muscular fibers, 3- the function of muscles, mechanism of muscle traction, five criteria for classification of body muscles including the size of a muscle, its shape, its status, its combination with other muscles, and having or lacking tendons, the performance of antagonist muscles, considering extensor digitorum longus, which ends in four tendons, and describing dorsal interossei muscles. Moreover, 31 short points were extracted from the most detailed image in the “muscles” treatise. Five noteworthy points of this section are the number of abdominal wall muscles, bladder sphincter, the muscular part of male genital organ, muscular part of pharynx, and the muscles whose origin or insertion are hyoid bone.

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Background and purpose: Pharmacy is one of the oldest knowledge in the history of human sciences and civilization because of the necessity of it for mankind. The manufacturing and combination of drugs requires the recognition of pharmaceutical substances. Among the drugs with plant, animal and mineral origin, stones also have medicinal and therapeutic effects.
Methods and Materials: This research has been conducted in a descriptive-analytical manner relying on the early medical texts (Ferdos al-Hekmah, Al-Hawi, Al-Qanoun, Al-Tasrif, Zakhireh); first, the introduction of independent texts on minerals and stones; decorative and non-stick jewels and stones are mentioned in medical treatment and their function as a drug in medical and pharmaceutical works.
Results: Studies have shown that stones have been prescribed as drugs in the treatment of various types of physical illnesses, mental disorders, and even skin diseases. The use of stones and jewels in the form of single-drug, manufacturing of compound drugs, and the combination of potions and tablets has been reported. In some cases, doctors advised the patient to take the stones and carry it to prevent and treat some diseases.
Conclusion: Stone therapy has been the focus of recent studies. Considering the medicinal function of stones in the history of medicine and pharmacy, the experiences and opinions of Muslim scholars in this field can be used. However, the pharmaceutical application of stones and minerals will require new scientific studies and experimental evaluations.

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