Esfarzeh is a name used for two species of Plantago genus, belonging to Plantaginaceae family. In the Iranian traditional medicine (ITM) texts, Esfarzeh is called Bazreghatuna, and have different therapeutic effects including treatment of hoarseness of chest, pharynx, and tongue warm palpitation constipation caused by bile abdominal cramps gastric and intestinal ulcers arthralgia solid edema and warm edema trichoptilosis thinness caused by warmth and gastric participatory headache. In modern medicine, esfarzeh is only used in treatment of constipation, diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, colon cancer, and recently in diabetes and hypercholesterolemia. The side effects mentioned in ITM for oral taking of complete seed powder of the plant include severe sorrow, dyspnea, inability to breath, and sometimes death, which are compatible with the signs of anaphylactic shock in modern medicine. However, there is a suitable background for evaluation of other therapeutic effects mentioned in ITM for esfarzeh to support or reject the ideas on the basis of modern findings. Furthermore, the mechanisms proposed for side effects in ITM can be evaluated.