@article{ author = {Afsharypuor, S. and ShamsArdekani, M.R. and Mosaddegh, M. and Ghannadi, A. and Mohagheghzadeh, A. and Emami, A. and Sadeghpour, O. and Afsharypuor, N.}, title = {Equable, Inequable, and Other Human and Drug Temperaments}, abstract ={Diagnosis and treatment of diseases relies on the understanding of abnormality in temperaments and the equable human and drug temperaments. Temperament is a quality produced by interaction of opposite qualities present in very tiny elements. In rational classification, temperaments are divided into true equable and inequable ones. In the true equable temperament, the amounts of opposite qualities are the same. However, such temperament does not exist. Contrary to the true equable temperament, the inequable temperament is inclined towards one or two qualities of hotness, coldness, dryness, or wetness. In medicine, human equatability is compared with the inequable temperaments from eight aspects and with respect to genus, species, individual, and organ. Human inequable temperaments are also categorized into eight types, all of which are opposite to the equable temperaments. Other types of human temperaments include with and without matter temperaments, temperaments of organs, temperaments of different ages, obesity and thinness temperaments, temperament according to sex, and habit temperament. Temperaments of drugs are also grouped into two main categories of equable and inequable. Other drug temperaments are combined temperament, primary temperament, secondary temperament, robust or stable secondary temperament, and weak or unstable secondary temperament. In this paper, we have described the human and drug temperaments to provide a novel scientific approach to the disease and treatment entities. We hope that carrying out research in this field result in providing appropriate therapeutic approaches with respect to the patient and drug temperaments and subsequently achieving more desirable effects of various drugs in different people.}, Keywords = {Human temperament, Drug temperament, Comparison, Types of temperaments.}, volume = {2}, Number = {3}, pages = {183-194}, publisher = { Academy of Medical Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran}, url = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-53-en.html}, eprint = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-53-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine}, issn = {2008-8574}, eissn = {}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {Khodadoost, M. and Naseri, M0 and Shariatpanahi, S. and Kamalinejad, M. and Emtiazy, M. and Davati, A. and Hasheminejad, A. and Keshavarz, M.}, title = {Etiology and Semiology of Joint diseases (The viewpoint of Traditional Iranian Medicine)}, abstract ={Considering the modern lifestyle (including the diets, lack of physical activity, overweight, so on), joint diseases are among the common disorders. In classical medicine, treatment of joint disease mainly includes "maintenance therapy." The current study addresses joint disorders from the viewpoint of Traditional Iranian Medicine to provide different approaches for prevention and treatment of these disorders. In the study, diagnostic and therapeutic methods of joint disorders in different centuries were collected. In Traditional Iranian Medicine, joint disorders are called "Oja-e Mafasel", and classified into two main categories of simple and material ones, each of which have several subcategories. Depending on the type of the disorder, specific prevention and treatment strategies are presented}, Keywords = {Oja-e Mafasel, Traditional Iranian Medicine.}, volume = {2}, Number = {3}, pages = {195-202}, publisher = { Academy of Medical Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran}, url = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-54-en.html}, eprint = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-54-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine}, issn = {2008-8574}, eissn = {}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {MohammadiKonari, H. and SoltaniArabshahi, K. and Bigdeli, SH. and ShamsArdekani, M.R.}, title = {Clarifying the Concept of Evidence-Based Practice in Iranian Traditional Medicine from Experts’ Viewpoint}, abstract ={Introduction: Evidence-based medicine has achieved increasing importance in scientific societies. In this regard, Traditional Iranian medicine (TIM), which has recently attracted the Iranian academic society, should employ valid scientific evidence to confirm its efficacy and effectiveness. Therefore, the current study clarifies the concept of knowledge-based practice in TIM from the experts’ viewpoint. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted by individual face-to-face deep interviews to obtain the opinions of experts of TIM about the concept of evidence-based practice. Sampling was goal-oriented, and information gathering was performed by semi-organized interviews with some open questions asked by the researcher. Results: In the study, the four main themes of 1- necessity of carrying out research in this field and documentation of TIM 2- the concept of evidence-based practice in TIM 3- limitations of evidence-based practice in Iranian traditional medicine and 4- the differences between carrying out research in modern and Iranian traditional medicine were addressed. Conclusion: According to the research findings, evidence-based practice and using valid references is necessary in TIM to confirm its efficacy and effectiveness}, Keywords = {Evidence-based medicine, Traditional Iranian medicine, Experts}, volume = {2}, Number = {3}, pages = {203-214}, publisher = { Academy of Medical Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran}, url = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-55-en.html}, eprint = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-55-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine}, issn = {2008-8574}, eissn = {}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {Jaladat, A.M. and Attarzadeh, F. and Sadeghpour, O.}, title = {Maturation; an Important Step in Treatment Protocols of Iranian Medicine}, abstract ={In Iranian medicine, maturation (nozj) is a process, through which the morbid matters (morbid humors) are prepared for evacuation and their evacuation from the body is facilitated. In other words, physician should mature the morbid matters before evacuating them from the body, except in certain condition, in which there not enough time for the process. Maturation before evacuation have been considered to be necessary and confirmed by hakims. It is considered that vomiting and excretion of morbid matters before their maturation may aggravate the disease. For maturation, each humor should be in a balanced concentration, which is different for each humor. Therefore, there are several maturative drugs, and each humor has its own maturative drug. However, to achieve the desired result, considering the time and spatial conditions is necessary. Moreover, the type and severity of disease for each individual patient should be taken into account. Identifying maturation and its application are necessary for studying and evaluation of treatment protocols in Iranian medicine. If maturation, which is a treatment step in Iranian medicine, is not considered, studies on therapeutic methods of Iranian medicine would be misinterpreted. Moreover, paying attention to maturation process beside the current treatments may promote current treatment approaches.}, Keywords = {Maturation, Traditional Iranian Medicine, Nature, evacuation}, volume = {2}, Number = {3}, pages = {215-220}, publisher = { Academy of Medical Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran}, url = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-56-en.html}, eprint = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-56-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine}, issn = {2008-8574}, eissn = {}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {Atarodi, A.R. and Kianmehr, M. and Abbasnezhad, A.A. and Masoumzadeh, M. and Rasekhi, H.}, title = {Effect of Food with Hot and Cold Nature on Students’ Learning}, abstract ={Introduction: Learning is an important mental process, affected by several internal and external factors. Nutrition is one of the factors affecting learning. Therefore, the effect of food with cold and hot nature on students’ learning in general English language course was evaluated. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 26 normal male students. The participants attended the summer semester, and were divided into two groups, receiving food with hot and cold natures. The students were taught in the same class and by the same English teacher, who was blinded to the research groups. The students passed the 3-unit course of general English language under the same condition. The students’ final scores were analyzed by SPSS software, version11.5. Findings: The two groups were not significantly different with regard to their university, semester, education degree, and high school location at the time of taking university entrance exam (p > 0.05). Moreover, the two groups were not significantly different in their entrance exam scores, scores of their primary English course, and the mean number of courses passed (p > 0.05). It was demonstrated that although the scores obtained by the students received food with hot nature was higher than those of the group with cold nature food the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The findings showed that cold and hot nature of food did not affect the students’ learning in general English language course. However, it seems that further studies with larger sample sizes should be carried out to obtain more conclusive results.}, Keywords = {Traditional Iranian Medicine, Nature, Learning, Nutrition.}, volume = {2}, Number = {3}, pages = {221-228}, publisher = { Academy of Medical Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran}, url = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-57-en.html}, eprint = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-57-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine}, issn = {2008-8574}, eissn = {}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {Ghassemlou, F.}, title = {History of Islamic Medicine, Essence and Tools of Theory Development}, abstract ={It seems that in spite of huge investments made in history of Iranian medicine in recent years, the investments and the perspective of results obtained in studies of history of the Islamic era medicine is not what was expected. A reason for this phenomenon can be absence of perspective and theoretical studies in this field. In this study, after explaining the how’s and why’s of the theory development in history of medicine, we address the infrastructures required for theory development atmosphere. By introducing some of these infrastructures, we would evaluate some concerns about the essence of theory development in history of Islamic medicine.}, Keywords = {History of medicine, Theory development, Erratum,Bibliography}, volume = {2}, Number = {3}, pages = {229-236}, publisher = { Academy of Medical Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran}, url = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-58-en.html}, eprint = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-58-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine}, issn = {2008-8574}, eissn = {}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {Avijgan, M. and Avijgan, M. and Mirzadeh, F.}, title = {Treatment of Delayed Healing of Chronic Ulcers Using Aloe Vera (Sabr) Gel}, abstract ={In some cases, chronic ulcers of soft tissue cannot be treated with conventional treatment methods. In recent years, some alternative methods have been proposed for treatment of such ulcers on the basis of traditional medicine. The current paper is the report of a case of chronic ulcer treatment using Aloe vera gel. The ulcer was caused by car accident, and in spite of using conventional treatments, the injury remained for 60 days without appropriate response to treatment. After this period of time, the patient was treated by A. vera gel dressing, two to three times a day for 42 days. Because of stop in healing process after 42 days, the A. vera gel dressing was discontinued and treatment with potassium permanganate was used. Then, again A. vera gel was employed until achieving complete healing. The stop in healing process raise the question whether A. vera gel is solely effective in complete healing of chronic ulcers or it requires adjuvant therapies}, Keywords = {ulcer Aloe vera, Chronic, Herbal medicine, Potassium permanganate.}, volume = {2}, Number = {3}, pages = {237-242}, publisher = { Academy of Medical Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran}, url = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-59-en.html}, eprint = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-59-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine}, issn = {2008-8574}, eissn = {}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {Amin, Gh.R. and Khtamsaz, M. and Khanavi, M. and Karami, B. and Rahimi, R. and Soltani, A. and ShamsArdakani, M.R. and Shirzad, M. and Sadeghpour, O. and Taleb, A.M. and Ghannadi, A.R. and Karami, M. and Keshavarz, M. and Mohagheghzadeh, A.A. and Mosaddegh, M. and Moattar, F. and Minae, M.B.}, title = {Sabr}, abstract ={Sabr is a popular plant in Traditional Iranian Medicine, recognized with different names such as Sabara, Fiqara, and Alwa. The leaf dried latex has been identified as Sabr-e-Saqoutari, Sabr-e-Arabi, and Sabr-e-Semenjani. In Traditional Iranian Medicine, Sabr is used as the cathartic of humors of different organs especially head, stomach, and joints. Considering the botanical description of the plant in traditional medicinal and pharmaceutical resources, Sabr can be complied with Aloe vera L., from the Liliaceae family.}, Keywords = {Traditional Iranian Medicine, Sabr, Aloe vera, Alwa, Sabara, Liliaceae.}, volume = {2}, Number = {3}, pages = {243-246}, publisher = { Academy of Medical Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran}, url = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-60-en.html}, eprint = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-60-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine}, issn = {2008-8574}, eissn = {}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {Kiani, H. and Nimrouzi, M. and Parsaei, M.}, title = {Introduction of an Outstanding Scientist of Iranian and Islamic Traditional Medicine "Emadodin Mahmoud-Ibn Masoud Shirazi"}, abstract ={During its development by different physician, Islamic medicine has experienced many changes and evolutions. The medicine history in Iran in the post-Islam era had continued its trend, and outstanding physicians were introduced in this school of medicine. One of these physicians is “Emadodin Mahmoud-Ibn Masoud Shirazi,” a great Iranian physician during the Safavid era, who served as the personal physician of Shah Tahmaseb. In the current paper, after proving a brief introduction on the Iranian history of medicine, the scientific character of Emadodin Mahmoud-Ibn Masoud Shirazi is introduced. Moreover, his works are addressed by dividing them into medicine and pharmacy works. The works remained indicate his valuable efforts in diagnosis of Atashak, Afyuneh, Padzahr, Bikh-e chini, and so on. However, a major portion of his works is related to pharmacy. His most important manuscript in medicine is description of Atashak disease, which was then prevalent in Iran. Another important manuscript of Shirazi is writing the first Persian treatise, which was completely about Padzahr.}, Keywords = {Traditional Medicine, Islamic Medicine, Emadodin Shirazi, History of medicine}, volume = {2}, Number = {3}, pages = {247-254}, publisher = { Academy of Medical Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran}, url = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-21-en.html}, eprint = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-21-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine}, issn = {2008-8574}, eissn = {}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {2}, Number = {3}, pages = {255-279}, publisher = { Academy of Medical Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran}, url = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-496-en.html}, eprint = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-496-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine}, issn = {2008-8574}, eissn = {}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {Ahmadian-Attari, M.M. and Mosaddegh, M.}, title = {“Advieh-e Jadideh” (Novel drugs) in Aghili’s Pharmaceutical Books}, abstract ={“Advieh-e Jadideh” (Novel drugs) is a term used by Aghili Khorasani to introduce some of the single drugs of his pharmacopoeia. He defined this term as drugs originated abroad with no history of use in Iranian Traditional Medicine (ITM). Study of this issue has some historical points like mercantile aspects of traditional pharmacy. However, the current investigation tries to clarify the approach of traditional physicians in encountering with western system of pharmacy and medicine. To this end, the term “Advieh-e Jadideh” was searched through Aghili’s pharmaceutical books, i.e., Makhzan ul-Advia and Gharabadin-e Kabir and then the nature, source of preparation, and scientific name of these drugs were investigated. The results show that the term was used for 27 drugs in the books, out of which the scientific name of 16 were determined. The nature of most of the drugs was determined to be hot and dry and in determination of the nature of the drugs there were some controversies in some cases. Determination of the nature of the drugs was mostly based upon the use of them in foreign treatment systems. However, the common methods of comparison and experience were also employed. Out of the drugs, seven were originated from America, six from a region near Venezuela, and others were from China and other countries. The study shows that using other treatment systems along with the ITM was acceptable for Aghili Khorasani. The attempts to determine the nature of the drugs indicate the possibility of their integration into the drug system of ITM. With respect to the similar case ITM experience in dealing with modern medicine, it is suggested that by evaluation of the temperament of novel drugs and determination of the traditional mechanism of their effectiveness, the possibility of integration and simultaneous use of ITM with modern medicine be assessed}, Keywords = {Advieh-e Jadideh, Novel drugs, Aghili Khorasani, Iranian Traditional Medicine, Western Medicine}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {3-8}, publisher = { Academy of Medical Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran}, url = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-83-en.html}, eprint = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-83-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine}, issn = {2008-8574}, eissn = {}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {Ghannadi, A.R. and Sadeghi, M.}, title = {From Ghennab to Cannabis: Hopes to Find a Cure for Multiple Sclerosis are Flourishing}, abstract ={Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, autoimmune, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. It generally strikes at the early adult years and is the most common cause of neurologic disability in young adults. The disease usually influences quality of life to a marked degree. Currently approved drug therapies for MS have different adverse effects and immunosuppressants and interferon β are still mainstays of the conventional management. The drawbacks of the current drug therapies for MS urge researchers to develop more effective drugs with fewer adverse effects. Indian hemp, Cannabis sativa L. is an indigenous herb to Asia, with a long history of use in different diseases. The plant was historically known as Ghennab in Iran and has been used in Iranian traditional medicine. Some Iranian physicians have described the botanical properties and its therapeutic effects in their books. As a conventional use, at present some MS patients take Cannabis to remove the spasticity and pain associated with this condition. Moreover, Cannabis has recently received much attention because of detection of an endogenous cannabinoid system in some parts of the human brain and the immune system, represented by two cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2. Clinical studies suggest that activation of these receptors can relieve the clinical signs of MS particularly neuropathic pain and spasticity. Also, it is suggested that this can decrease inflammation and possibly slow down progression of the disease. The current study briefly introduces the plant and reviews the history of Cannabis and new pharmacological evidence that support the use of the plant in MS disease.}, Keywords = {Multiple sclerosis, Ghennab, Cannabis, Iranian traditional medicine.}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {9-20}, publisher = { Academy of Medical Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran}, url = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-87-en.html}, eprint = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-87-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine}, issn = {2008-8574}, eissn = {}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {Soltani, A.}, title = {The Book “Teb-e Ghadim” and Identifying Its Author}, abstract ={Passing time and sometimes imprecise transcription or understanding of ancient texts may cause some mistakes in ancient medical books. This may even lead to some problems in the name or identity of the author or his/her works. In the current study, by careful evaluation of "Al-Hawi" by Rhazes, we extracted the name of 110 physicians and 286 books. The study showed that out of the names, the name of 28 physicians and 20 books were not cited in any medical book or there were mistakes in their identity. For instance, in "Al-Hawi", Rhazes quote from Majhul (unknown) person or book in 208 cases. The study demonstrated that Majhul was an Iranian physician who lived in the 6th century A.D. and was related to the Sassanid Jondishapur University or he was another Iranian scientist, Bedighures, who lived in the first half of the 7th century A.D. We gathered the quotations of Rhazes from the book in the 24 volumes of Al-Hawi and the 40 paragraphs obtained were carefully assessed. According to the results, it seems that the author of the book “Teb-e Ghadim” was Iranian who with high probability lived in early 9th century and had many innovations.}, Keywords = {Gharabadin-e Ghadim, Gharabadin-e Atigh, Teb-e Ghadim}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {21-28}, publisher = { Academy of Medical Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran}, url = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-85-en.html}, eprint = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-85-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine}, issn = {2008-8574}, eissn = {}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {Sajjadi, S.E. and Batooli, H. and Ghanbari, A.}, title = {Collection, Evaluation and Ethnobotany of Kashan Medicinal Plants}, abstract ={Nowadays, traditional medicine and ethnobotany are the two important issues that have attracted interest in many countries. Traditional medicine deals with past studies and experience and ethnobotany relates to the native botany of a region. In recent years, these topics have received particular importance in many countries, including European countries. Considering the scarcity of information on effects of medicinal plants, traditional medicine and ethnobotany can play an important role in discovering the unknowns. Considering the various geographical conditions in our country, different ecosystems and flora exist in Iran. As there is growing need in today's world for new herbal drugs and considering the industrialization of this sector, we should pay more attention to the herbal sources of the country from this viewpoint. In the current study, the plants of some parts of Kashan were collected, systematically identified, and studied in two consecutive years. Furthermore, the traditional uses of these plants were recorded through interviewing local people. These plants were mostly used in the treatment of gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases by local people. It was shown that most plants grow in the area were medicinal. Therefore, further evaluation of the plants is recommended.}, Keywords = {Plant collection, Medicinal plants, Ethnobotany, Traditional uses, Kashan.}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {29-36}, publisher = { Academy of Medical Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran}, url = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-82-en.html}, eprint = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-82-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine}, issn = {2008-8574}, eissn = {}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {ShamsArdekani, M.R. and ArdeshirRouhanifard, SH. and Abedtash, H.}, title = {A Glance at Use and Prevalence of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Other Countries Based on the Last Statistical Surveys}, abstract ={Studies have shown that application of complementary and alternative medicine is increasing in many countries. Statistical analyses have been performed to investigate how prevalent complementary and alternative medicine is employed and what the purpose of its application is. The results of these analyses explain the prevalence and variety of complementary and alternative medicine application among populations of different societies and have an important role in future programs of health systems. In this report, we address the results of some studies carried out in some countries.}, Keywords = {Complementary medicine, Alternative medicine, Traditional medicine}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {37-46}, publisher = { Academy of Medical Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran}, url = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-88-en.html}, eprint = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-88-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine}, issn = {2008-8574}, eissn = {}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {Moattar, F. and Kheirandish, SH.}, title = {Importance and Value of Using Religious References and Texts in Treatment of Diseases}, abstract ={Religious texts, especially those of the Islam, are important and valuable sources that guide people in health maintenance and treatment of disease, and should receive particular attention. Since these sources originate from the words of the Almighty God, the Prophets, and the Emams, they have firm foundations. It is evident that paying attention to and understanding these texts can be helpful in attempts to improve health and treat diseases. In Islamic texts such as the Holy Quran, Teb-ol Nabi, Nahjol Balagheh, Teb-ol Sadegh, and Teb-ol Reza, there are several topics on health and treatment of disease. Each of these topics requires through and careful investigation. The current study introduces few cases on health topics in Islamic texts to emphasis the importance of considering these resources in health maintenance and treatment of diseases. It is obvious that understanding of practical and clinical use of the recommendations require systematic basic and clinical studies. We hope that in future paying attention to these religious resources can help man to improve his health and quality of life.}, Keywords = {Islamic medicine, Teb-ol Nabi, Quran, Nahjol Balagheh, Religious references.}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {47-52}, publisher = { Academy of Medical Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran}, url = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-84-en.html}, eprint = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-84-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine}, issn = {2008-8574}, eissn = {}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {Jafarpour, M. and Ghannadi, A.R. and Ghaemi, H. and MosaffaJahromi, M.}, title = {The Cause of Particular Concern about Not Taking the Complete Seed Powder of Esfarzeh in Iranian Traditional Medicine}, abstract ={Esfarzeh is a name used for two species of Plantago genus, belonging to Plantaginaceae family. In the Iranian traditional medicine (ITM) texts, Esfarzeh is called Bazreghatuna, and have different therapeutic effects including treatment of hoarseness of chest, pharynx, and tongue warm palpitation constipation caused by bile abdominal cramps gastric and intestinal ulcers arthralgia solid edema and warm edema trichoptilosis thinness caused by warmth and gastric participatory headache. In modern medicine, esfarzeh is only used in treatment of constipation, diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, colon cancer, and recently in diabetes and hypercholesterolemia. The side effects mentioned in ITM for oral taking of complete seed powder of the plant include severe sorrow, dyspnea, inability to breath, and sometimes death, which are compatible with the signs of anaphylactic shock in modern medicine. However, there is a suitable background for evaluation of other therapeutic effects mentioned in ITM for esfarzeh to support or reject the ideas on the basis of modern findings. Furthermore, the mechanisms proposed for side effects in ITM can be evaluated.}, Keywords = {Esfarzeh, Bazreghatuna, Side effects, Anaphylactic shock.}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {53-60}, publisher = { Academy of Medical Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran}, url = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-86-en.html}, eprint = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-86-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine}, issn = {2008-8574}, eissn = {}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {Amin, Gh.R. and Khatamsaz, M. and Khanavi, M. and Zolfaghari, B. and Rahimi, R. and Soltani, A. and ShamsArdekani, M.R. and Shirzad, M. and Sadeghpour, O. and Taleb, A.M. and Ghannadi, A.R. and Karimi, M. and Keshavarz, M. and Mohagheghzadeh, A.A. and Mosaddegh, M. and Moattar, F. and Minaei, M.B.}, title = {Oqhovan}, abstract ={Oqhovan is a major plant used in Iranian Traditional Medicine, which is identified as a type of Babouneh. Different pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, vasodilator, diuretic, emmenagogue, and sudorific have been reported for the plant. Other names used in traditional publications for this plant are babouneh gav, babouneh gav-chashm, and kafourieh. Oqhovan can be identified from other types of babouneh by its flower and fruit and its characteristics. Considering its botanical description in traditional medicinal and pharmaceutical tests, Oqhovan complied with Tanacetum parthenium, a plant from Compositae family.}, Keywords = {Oqhovan, Babouneh, Iranian traditional medicine}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {61-64}, publisher = { Academy of Medical Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran}, url = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-89-en.html}, eprint = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-89-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine}, issn = {2008-8574}, eissn = {}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {Velayati, A.A.}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {65-68}, publisher = { Academy of Medical Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran}, url = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-486-en.html}, eprint = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-486-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine}, issn = {2008-8574}, eissn = {}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {69-70}, publisher = { Academy of Medical Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran}, url = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-487-en.html}, eprint = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-487-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine}, issn = {2008-8574}, eissn = {}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {73-74}, publisher = { Academy of Medical Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran}, url = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-488-en.html}, eprint = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-488-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine}, issn = {2008-8574}, eissn = {}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {75-82}, publisher = { Academy of Medical Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran}, url = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-489-en.html}, eprint = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-489-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine}, issn = {2008-8574}, eissn = {}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {83-90}, publisher = { Academy of Medical Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran}, url = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-490-en.html}, eprint = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-490-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine}, issn = {2008-8574}, eissn = {}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {91-94}, publisher = { Academy of Medical Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran}, url = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-491-en.html}, eprint = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-491-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine}, issn = {2008-8574}, eissn = {}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {95-98}, publisher = { Academy of Medical Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran}, url = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-492-en.html}, eprint = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-492-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine}, issn = {2008-8574}, eissn = {}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {2}, Number = {1}, pages = {99-105}, publisher = { Academy of Medical Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran}, url = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-493-en.html}, eprint = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-493-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine}, issn = {2008-8574}, eissn = {}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {Sohrabvand, F. and Nazem, E. and Tansaz, M. and Keshavarz, M. and HashemDabbaghian, F. and nikbakhtnasrabadi, A.R. and Gooshehgir, S.A.}, title = {The Causes of Female Infertility from the Viewpoint of Traditional Iranian Medicine}, abstract ={Fertility is one of the main goals of creation for survival. The high prevalence of infertility around the world and in Iran as well as the economic burden of different treatments of infertility has resulted in several problems for couples and the community. As a holistic approach, Traditional Iranian Medicine (TIM) has a particular viewpoint in this area, which can be helpful for current medicine. The purpose of the current study is to review the infertility etiology according to TIM to elucidate the different aspects of the problem and become familiar with the beliefs and viewpoints of Iranian traditional physician. This may bring new insight into identification and classification of the underlying causes of infertility. To this end, we carefully evaluated the main texts of TIM such as Al-Qanun Fi Al-Tibb (The Canon of Medicine) by Avicenna, Kamel Al-Sena’eh, Kholaseh Al-Hekmat, Zakhireh Kharazmshahi, Exir Azam, Moalejat Aghili, and Almojaz. Infertility-related subjects under the entry of "gynecology", their sign and symptoms, and the underlying causes were investigated. Contextual analysis was performed and the discrepancies and congruities were summarized. Generally, the main etiologies considered for female infertility can be categorized as problems of oocytes, uterine, ovaries and fallopian tubes, dysfunction of other organs, and psychological and behavioral causes. Iranian traditional physicians or "Hakims" believed that the components of oocytes come from all organs, particularly the main organs such as heart, liver, and brain. Therefore, dysfunction of other organs, especially the main organs can lead to infertility. Psychological factors also received great attention from hakims. This is an introductory investigation to become familiar with the viewpoints of Iranian traditional physicians toward infertility. Moreover, this can be an initiative for identifying alternative methods of diagnosis and treatment of female infertility.}, Keywords = {Infertility, Female infertility, Traditional Iranian Medicine.}, volume = {2}, Number = {2}, pages = {107-116}, publisher = { Academy of Medical Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran}, url = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-90-en.html}, eprint = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-90-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine}, issn = {2008-8574}, eissn = {}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {Ghaffari, S. and HamzelooMoghaddam, M.}, title = {Traditional Iranian Medicine and Importance of Breastfeeding}, abstract ={The significance of breastfeeding is stated in Traditional Iranian Medicine it is also a high priority in current medicine. Even Avicenna provided some explanations on the importance of breastfeeding, and the measurements to be followed in the perinatal period. The current study considers the topic of breastfeeding in the sources of traditional medicine as the Cannon of Medicine (Avicenna), Zakhireh Kharazmshahi (Jorjani), Kholaseh Al-Hekmat (AghiliKhorasani), and Hefz-o Sehat (Naserol Hokama).}, Keywords = {Breastfeeding, Infant, Traditional Iranian Medicine.}, volume = {2}, Number = {2}, pages = {117-122}, publisher = { Academy of Medical Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran}, url = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-91-en.html}, eprint = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-91-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine}, issn = {2008-8574}, eissn = {}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {Simforoosh, N.}, title = {Advantages of Neonatal Circumcision:Review on Past and Present}, abstract ={Carrying out circumcision is a common practice in many countries. In the USA, almost 80% of male infants are circumcised. The importance of circumcision in reducing the risk of urinary tract infection has been demonstrated in several studies. Moreover, the role of circumcision in decreasing the risk of male genital cancers has been confirmed. It has been shown that to achieve the advantages of circumcision, it should be performed in neonates. Sometimes, circumcision is delayed due to the fear of meatus stenosis. However, the fear is not true, as meatus stenosis can be treated easily in outpatient services, and it rarely causes complications. Therefore, delaying circumcision causes not to achieve the advantages of the procedure, including prevention of neonatal and childhood urinary tract infection, and their complications such as kidney diseases. Even it has been shown that circumcision would be helpful in prevention of genital system cancers, only if performed during neonatal period. Furthermore, carrying out the procedure during neonatal period is accompanied with some other benefits. For instance, wound healing is excellent in this period, and the circumcision lesion would heal almost at the same time as the umbilical cord falls off, and the risk of infection is very low, since the maternal antibodies are present in neonate’s blood and the wound region has a very good blood supply and is resistant against infection. Neonatal circumcision is not accompanied by the problems and psychological stresses, experienced in childhood circumcision. The current study evaluates the available evidence on neonatal circumcision, to elucidate the importance of circumcision timing. Moreover, the appropriate method of carrying out the procedure is provided in the paper, to be used as a guide.}, Keywords = {Neonatal circumcision, Urinary tract infection, Meatus stenosis.}, volume = {2}, Number = {2}, pages = {123-130}, publisher = { Academy of Medical Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran}, url = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-92-en.html}, eprint = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-92-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine}, issn = {2008-8574}, eissn = {}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {Sadeghpour, O. and Jaladat, A.M.}, title = {Purgatives, the Most Important Drug Group in Traditional Iranian Medicine-I}, abstract ={Traditional Iranian Medicine (TIM) has an outstanding history with numerous medical textbooks. Similar to other medical schools, in TIM, drugs are used in treatment of diseases. One of these drug groups is purgative agents. These drugs were used to excrete putrefied temperaments, or extra materials from the patients’ body. In the current study, different information on the categories, route of administration, and mechanism of effect of this drug category was collected from different sources of TIM, including the manuscripts, printed texts, and electronic books. In this way, a collection of purgatives used in TIM was established, and the effects of these drugs in excretion of different temperaments from the viewpoint of TIM hakims, as well as the indications for administration of the drugs were evaluated. As it has been mentioned in TIM sources, refinement of the body from putrefied temperaments or extra materials is one of the major treatment methods in TIM. Understanding this treatment method and the drugs used for this purpose can be considered as a component of treatment process in different clinical studies. This can even lead to cure of patients as an alternative or complementary approach along with the current treatment methods.}, Keywords = {Traditional Iranian Medicine, Purgatives, Body refinement}, volume = {2}, Number = {2}, pages = {131-138}, publisher = { Academy of Medical Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran}, url = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-93-en.html}, eprint = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-93-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine}, issn = {2008-8574}, eissn = {}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {Asghari, GH.R. and DaryayeSalameh, S.}, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Herbal Medicines Used for Obesity on Isfahan Traditional Medicine Market}, abstract ={Background: Overweight and obesity have become a major public health issue due to a steep rise in the prevalence of overweight. Overweight and obesity are major risk factors for many diseases, including cardiovascular problems, diabetes, and hypertension. Because of inappropriate diet, lack of adequate physical activity, and sedentary life style people use medical treatments to lose weight. Herbal medicines have been gaining considerable popularity in recent years. Given the increasing popularity of herbal medicines for treatment of obesity in Iran, there is a need to evaluate these products, which are traditionally provided. Methods: Ten herbal products used for obesity on Isfahan traditional medicine market were collected, their medical information was recorded, and then the drugs were microscopically and macroscopically evaluated. Finally, their therapeutic effects were compared with the indications mentioned in traditional medicine texts. Discussion: More than 50% of the products contained at least one medicinal plant, which has been used traditionally for treatment of obesity. Conclusion: The providers of traditional medicines should receive required trainings according to texts of traditional medicine. Moreover, they should be continuously monitored and the traditional medicine products continuously undergo pharmacognostic testing.}, Keywords = {Obesity, Herbal medicine, Pharmacognostic evaluation, Isfahan.}, volume = {2}, Number = {2}, pages = {139-146}, publisher = { Academy of Medical Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran}, url = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-94-en.html}, eprint = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-94-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine}, issn = {2008-8574}, eissn = {}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {Jahangir, A. and Karbakhsh, M. and Mousavi, B. and Farzadi, F. and Mftoon, F. and Seddighi, J.}, title = {Elm-o-Nafs in the Holy Quran, Islamic Philosophy, Psychology and Neuroscience: A Comparative Study}, abstract ={Background: The purpose of this paper is to compare the concept of Nafs in the Holy Quran, Islamic philosophy texts, psychology, and neuroscience. Methods: The definition of Nafs in the Holy Quran and philosophy, psychiatry, and neuroscience texts is presented. Then, the correlations of these viewpoints are provided to achieve an explanation of the concept. Considering the comparisons as well as the objective experience f authors, an applicable conclusion is provided. Findings: The concept of Nafs has been frequently mentioned in the Holy Quran and philosophical and spiritual texts. The concepts of “anima” and “animus” in the Jung’s school of psychology seem to be comparable Gharin and Gharineh in the Quran. There seems to be objective indications for Nafs concept from the viewpoint of the Quran, Jung’s psychology, and neuroscience research. Discussion: Belief in seraphic creatures and Nafs can be observed in the thoughts of divine religions. Nevertheless, when the objective evaluations are considered, some scientists do not accept the existence and effects of these items. The result is denial of a wide range of human dimensions, which can be found in religious, philosophical, spiritual, psychological, and neuroscience texts. Photographic documentation of inorganic creatures can be helpful in acknowledgement of these realities. Documentation methods may lead to a deep revolution in management of the western psychology and provides novel aspects for the religious viewpoints.}, Keywords = {Nafs, Quran, Psychology, Theology, Neuroscience.}, volume = {2}, Number = {2}, pages = {147-154}, publisher = { Academy of Medical Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran}, url = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-95-en.html}, eprint = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-95-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine}, issn = {2008-8574}, eissn = {}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {Emtiazy, M. and Nazem, E. and Keshavarz, M. and Kamalinejad, M. and Gooshehgir, S.A. and HashemDabbaghian, F. and ShahradBajestani, H.}, title = {Avicenna Medicine and Hyperlipidemia}, abstract ={Revival of Traditional Iranian Medicine provides an opportunity for researchers to get benefits from the valuable therapeutic measures of past traditional physicians (The Hakims). In this way, researchers can achieve therapeutic methods with less complications and lower costs. Because of its high prevalence and direct relationship with cardiovascular disorders, hyperlipidemia is a major health concern. According to the Traditional Iranian Medicine texts, one of the basic issues that should be considered in all disorders is the functional status of the four stages of digestion. In the current paper, the relationship between stages of digestion and hyperlipidemia is clarified by referring to Traditional Iranian Medicine texts and the clinical evidence.}, Keywords = {Traditional Iranian Medicine, Hyperlipidemia, Clinical study, Gastric dystemperament, Hepatic dystemperament.}, volume = {2}, Number = {2}, pages = {155-160}, publisher = { Academy of Medical Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran}, url = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-96-en.html}, eprint = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-96-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine}, issn = {2008-8574}, eissn = {}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {Ghannadi, A.R and Zolfaghari, B and Shamashian, SH.}, title = {Necessity, Importance, and Applications of Traditional Medicine Knowledge in Different Nations}, abstract ={Most drugs of plant origin have been obtained by studying the traditional treatments and knowledge of ancient peoples. In spite of great advancements in chemical synthesis, some of these compounds cannot still be replaced. Ethnobotany deals with the ways people of a society use plants. The science is known as an efficient tool to extract the native knowledge of using plants. During past decade, targeted evaluation of local pharmacopeia with the vision of developing novel drugs has been performed by many national and international organizations. The positive approach of scientists and increased tendency of governments to cooperate in ethnobotany projects shows the increasing value of information obtained in these studies. Registration and evaluation of written and non-written scientific heritage of traditional medicine of different Iranian ethnic groups can preserve the valuable treasure of multi-thousand-year-old knowledge and experiment of Iranians in medicine. This will also lead to discovery of novel medicines and achievements in pharmaceutical industry.}, Keywords = {Local pharmacopeia, Clinical study, Medicinal plants}, volume = {2}, Number = {2}, pages = {161-176}, publisher = { Academy of Medical Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran}, url = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-97-en.html}, eprint = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-97-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine}, issn = {2008-8574}, eissn = {}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {Moattar, F.}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {2}, Number = {2}, pages = {177-180}, publisher = { Academy of Medical Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran}, url = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-495-en.html}, eprint = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-495-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine}, issn = {2008-8574}, eissn = {}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {2}, Number = {2}, pages = {181-182}, publisher = { Academy of Medical Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran}, url = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-494-en.html}, eprint = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-494-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine}, issn = {2008-8574}, eissn = {}, year = {2011} } @article{ author = {}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {2}, Number = {4}, pages = {281-284}, publisher = { Academy of Medical Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran}, url = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-184-en.html}, eprint = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-184-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine}, issn = {2008-8574}, eissn = {}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {MovahedAbtahi, S.M. and Babaeian, M. and Borhani, M. and Hajiheidari, M.R. and SharifiOlounabadi, A.R. and Mazaheri, M. and Yavari, M. and Elsagh, M. and Adibi, P.}, title = {Analysis of Scientific Reasoning in Traditional Iranian Medicine}, abstract ={Traditional Iranian Medicine (TIM) is a comprehensive medical system, which is different from the modern medicine in various aspects. To find out why the TIM is considered a comprehensive medical system, the philosophical foundations of the TIM in the fields related to medical sciences, medical profession, and clinical practice should be defined. In this paper, with a rational and philosophical (rather than historical) approach, we have addressed scientific reasoning in the TIM, with the results related to the field of medical philosophy (as one of the second-order philosophies). The thinking system of TIM and modern medicine are different in their approach to man, life, and health definition of basic concepts such as health, disease, and treatment theorizing the medical sciences and employment of comparative and deductive logics. The current paper addresses these topics. In the paper, we have attempted to demonstrate how the thinking system of the TIM has influenced principles of diagnosis, rational of clinical decision making, different levels of disease treatment, and evaluation of a hypothesis in clinical experiences}, Keywords = {Traditional medicine, Medical philosophy, Epistemology, Scientific reasoning.}, volume = {2}, Number = {4}, pages = {285-296}, publisher = { Academy of Medical Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran}, url = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-98-en.html}, eprint = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-98-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine}, issn = {2008-8574}, eissn = {}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Monajjemi, A.R. and Mazaheri, M. and Yavari, M. and Elsagh, M. and Hajiheidari, M.R. and Babaeian, M. and SharifiOlounabadi, A.R. and Borhani, B. and Ghannadi, A.R. and Adibi, P.}, title = {Clinical Reasoning and Problem Solving in Traditional Iranian Medicine}, abstract ={The general structure of reasoning (collection of information, development, and evaluation of the hypotheses) in modern medicine is similar to that in the Traditional Iranian Medicine (TIM). However, contrary to a physician in modern medicine, traditional physicians did not only try to diagnose the disease on the basis of patients’ chief complaints. Rather, traditional physicians attempted to determine the general temperament of the patient. Reasoning in the TIM is of the deductive type. Therefore, in the TIM, there is not any disease considered as idiopathic and without any specific etiology. In both modern and traditional medicine schools, there are therapeutic and diagnostic reasoning. However, in the TIM, treatment is defined as the diagnosis is determined. This is while in modern medicine, even when the physician achieves the diagnosis, treatment requires further processing of the patients’ information. This paper addresses reasoning in the TIM. To this end, modern medicine is compared with the TIM in methods of clinical reasoning.}, Keywords = {Clinical reasoning, Traditional Iranian Medicine, Modern medicine, deductive reasoning, Therapeutic reasoning, Diagnostic reasoning.}, volume = {2}, Number = {4}, pages = {297-302}, publisher = { Academy of Medical Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran}, url = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-99-en.html}, eprint = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-99-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine}, issn = {2008-8574}, eissn = {}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Babaeian, M. and Borhani, M. and Hajiheidari, M.R. and SharifiOlounabadi, A.R. and Elsagh, M. and Yavari, M. and Mazaheri, M. and Kamali, M.A. and Avijgan, M. and Adibi, P.}, title = {Gastrointestinal System in the Viewpoint of Traditional Iranian Medicine}, abstract ={The Traditional Iranian Medicine has robust logical foundations, in which it is tried to understand and explain many symptoms and signs with the aid of experience and comparison and with regard to the normal function of the body. The gastrointestinal (GI) system, particularly stomach, is of great importance in the TIM, and prevention and treatment of gastric diseases have been noted in treatment of many disorders of other body organs. In evaluation of the patient for diseases of the GI system, a physician should have a good understanding of anatomy and the relationship among the different organs. Furthermore, based on the TIM, besides having a good knowledge of anatomy, a physician should be expert in the theoretical basis of medicine, especially the seven natural components, to have an appropriate understanding of the diseases and their symptoms. In this way, making use of this knowledge, the physician could provide feasible explanations for the relationships among the disease symptoms. In the TIM, the natural components include elements, temperaments, humors, organs, spirits, faculties, and actions.Furthermore, the common items between TIM and Chinese traditional medicine were addressed. Furthermore, the common items between TIM and Chinese traditional medicine were addressed.}, Keywords = {Gastrointestinal system, Traditional Iranian Medicine, Modern medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine.}, volume = {2}, Number = {4}, pages = {303-314}, publisher = { Academy of Medical Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran}, url = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-100-en.html}, eprint = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-100-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine}, issn = {2008-8574}, eissn = {}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Borhani, M. and Shirzad, M. and Elsagh, M. and Mazaheri, M. and SharifiOlounabadi, A.R. and Yavari, M. and Babaeian, M. and Kamali, M.A. and Hajiheidari, M.R. and Avijgan, M. and Adibi, P.}, title = {Semiology of Gastric Diseases in Traditional Iranian Medicine}, abstract ={In the Traditional Iranian Medicine (TIM), several symptoms have been mentioned under the topic of gastric diseases, which shows the special attention of the TIM physicians to semiology of the diseases. Symptoms such as color, smell, and uniformity of the stool the sound of gas passing and severity of its smell evaluation of the severity of thirst and its satisfaction with warm or non-warm water color and characteristics of the tongue, belching and its types, inclination for particular types of food, and amount and type of saliva are all symptoms that are not evaluated in modern semiology and history taking or little information is obtained on them. The preciseness of physicians such as Avicenna in history taking and physical examination of patients could be used to improve the method of history taking in modern medicine. It seems that some items that received attention in the TIM were eliminated from the medical knowledge in an unknown era of history. As a result, the natural trend of science evolution, which includes upgrade and modification of the knowledge of a generation by the next generation, was not passed. In this respect, further experimental studies are required to review the major TIM textbooks to determine the changes occurred in the gastric signs and symptoms in these textbooks, compared with those mentioned in the modern semiology and history taking at the clinical setting. In the next step, analysis of pathophysiological basis of the existing differences in clinical studies would be helpful. Furthermore, some comparisons between these topics in the TIM and traditional Chinese medicine were addressed in this paper.}, Keywords = {Traditional Iranian Medicine, Semiology, Gastric diseases, Traditional Chinese medicine.}, volume = {2}, Number = {4}, pages = {315-328}, publisher = { Academy of Medical Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran}, url = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-101-en.html}, eprint = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-101-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine}, issn = {2008-8574}, eissn = {}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Mazaheri, M. and Yavari, M. and Babaeian, M. and Hajiheidari, M.R. and Borhani, M. and SharifiOlounabadi, A.R. and Elsagh, M. and Avijgan, M. and Esmaeilzadeh, A. and Ghannadi, A.R. and Adibi, P.}, title = {Principles of Approach to Food and Nutrition in Traditional Iranian Medicine}, abstract ={Foods play an important role in the maintenance of human health. Food is a permanent need so that what is consumed by internal and external factors would be replaced. It is evident that without having an appropriate nutrition, it is not possible to be healthy. Proper nutrition and cure through food have been emphasized in the Traditional Iranian Medicine (TIM) such that the great Iranian physician of the 10th century, Razi, considered modification or prescription of diet as the first therapeutic modality. In some of the TIM manuscripts, some qualities and functions have been specified for foods, some of which are consistent with modern sciences, and there are no equivalents for some of them in modern sciences. In this paper, we have accurately described the classification of foods in the TIM textbooks, and tried to compare the TIM definitions with terminology of modern nutrition science. Furthermore, the common items between TIM and traditional Chinese medicine were addressed.}, Keywords = {Traditional Iranian Medicine, Chinese traditional medicine, Food, Kasirolghaza, Ghalilolghaza, Medicinal foods.}, volume = {2}, Number = {4}, pages = {329-336}, publisher = { Academy of Medical Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran}, url = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-102-en.html}, eprint = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-102-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine}, issn = {2008-8574}, eissn = {}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Hajiheidari, M.R. and Babaeian, M. and Mazaheri, M. and Elsagh, M. and Yavari, M. and Kamali, M.A. and Borhani, M. and Avijgan, M. and Ghannadi, A.R. and Adibi, P.}, title = {A Review on Causes of Gastric Pain in Traditional Iranian Medicine}, abstract ={In the view point of Traditional Iranian Medicine (TIM), many diseases in different organs of the body result from the foods and drinks, and also the gastrointestinal (GI) system disorders. Therefore, diseases of stomach as one of the most important parts of the GI system are of great importance. Gastric pain is one of these conditions, for which the physiopathology with regard to the quality of pain and its relationship with eating and other symptoms have been well defined in the TIM. The three major causes of gastric pain mentioned in the textbooks of the TIM are dystemperament, tafarroghe ettesal, or both and some treatments and strategies have been provided for treatment of each of these causes and pain relief. In the TIM references, the causes of gastric pain, which seems to be functional in many cases, have been defined and methods of treatment have been specified. Also, some hypotheses have been proposed for the underlying causes of functional gastric pain in modern medicine. In the current study, the causes of gastric pain in the TIM references were investigated, and were compared versus dyspepsia with the dominant symptom of pain in modern medicine and Traditional Chinese Medicine.}, Keywords = {Traditional Iranian Medicine, Dystemperament, Gastric pain, Painful dyspepsia, Traditional Chinese Medicine.}, volume = {2}, Number = {4}, pages = {337-344}, publisher = { Academy of Medical Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran}, url = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-103-en.html}, eprint = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-103-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine}, issn = {2008-8574}, eissn = {}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Yavari, M. and Mazaheri, M. and Borhani, M. and Hajiheidari, M.R. and Babaeian, M. and Kamali, M.A. and Elsagh, M. and Avijgan, M. and Ghannadi, A.R. and Adibi, P.}, title = {Heartburn and Reflux: From Traditional Iranian Medicine to Modern Medicine}, abstract ={Gastroesophageal reflux accompanied with heartburn is caused by anatomical factors and dysfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter. In the Traditional Iranian Medicine (TIM), heartburn is mostly called herqat-al me’deh (gastric burn), and three types of underlying causes have been mentioned for it. The first cause is taking hard-to-digest foods, which could be eliminated by life style modification and following nutritional rules. The second cause is presence of raw moisture in the first part of stomach. Maturative and laxative drugs can help these patients. The third cause is a condition in which the yellow bile humor is excessively secreted from the spleen in the upper part of the stomach. Soft drinks are prescribed in such cases. Considering the high frequency of heartburn, it is suggested to carry out clinical trials to evaluate these items in the TIM and to introduce the TIM approaches to physicians in order to improve the treatments for this condition. Finally, some comparisons between these topics in the TIM and traditional Chinese medicine were provided}, Keywords = {Heartburn, Reflux, Traditional Iranian Medicine, Conventional medicine, Gastric burn, Traditional Chinese Medicine.}, volume = {2}, Number = {4}, pages = {345-352}, publisher = { Academy of Medical Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran}, url = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-104-en.html}, eprint = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-104-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine}, issn = {2008-8574}, eissn = {}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {SharifiOlounabadi, A.R. and Elsagh, M. and Hajiheidari, M.R. and Borhani, M. and Yavari, M. and Babaeian, M. and Mazaheri, M. and Avijgan, M. and Afshar, H. and Adibi, P. and Ghannadi, A.R.}, title = {Bloating From Traditional Iranian Medicine to Modern Medicine}, abstract ={Bloating is a common gastrointestinal (GI) problem in the general population. In many cases, no known organic cause could be found for the problem, and such cases of bloating are considered as functional bloating. Although until three decades ago, the functional GI diseases were only mentioned to be psychological, today the relationship between physiological and psychological factors in this problem have been considered. In the TIM, in addition to non-organic causes, other organic causes (such as temperaments) according to the basis of TIM are proposed, which can considerably helpful in treatment of these problems. In this paper, the causes of functional bloating in the TIM and modern medicine were compared. Furthermore, it was tried to determine whether some patients with functional bloating in the viewpoint of modern medicine could be diagnosed as bloating with organic causes in the TIM. Also, the role of psychological aspects in these two fields was evaluated. Finally, some comparisons between these topics in the TIM and traditional Chinese medicine were provided.}, Keywords = {Bloating, Traditional Iranian Medicine, Aaraze nafsani, Gastrointestinal diseases, Traditional Chinese medicine.}, volume = {2}, Number = {4}, pages = {353-360}, publisher = { Academy of Medical Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran}, url = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-105-en.html}, eprint = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-105-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine}, issn = {2008-8574}, eissn = {}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Elsagh, M. and Hadizadeh, F. and Mazaheri, M. and Yavari, M. and Babaeian, M. and SharifiOlounabadi, A.R. and Borhani, M. and Hajiheidari, M.R. and Ghannadi, A.R. and Avijgan, M. and Adibi, P.}, title = {Constipation in Traditional Iranian Medicine}, abstract ={Constipation is a common gastrointestinal complaint. More than one seventh of the adult population throughout the world experience chronic constipation. Different factors cause establishment or aggravation of constipation. In conventional modern medicine, specific and reasonably accurate criteria have been proposed for definition of constipation, and also some treatments are used for the condition. In the Traditional Iranian Medicine (TIM), some terms such as hasr, ghabz-e shekam, and eteghal-e batn are used for constipation. Moreover, the type of constipation accompanied with pain is called qolanj. Comparative study of physiopathology and treatments of constipation in conventional medicine and TIM, and making use of different treatment approaches along with each other would lead to achievement of some approaches with higher cost-effectiveness. The aim of this study is to review the knowledge in the TIM about constipation and investigating the possibility of comparison of definitions, etiology, and treatments of the condition in the TIM with the corresponding items in modern medicine. Finally, some comparisons between these topics in the TIM and traditional Chinese medicine were provided.}, Keywords = {Constipation, Traditional Iranian Medicine, Conventional medicine, Gastric burn, Traditional Chinese Medicine.}, volume = {2}, Number = {4}, pages = {361-370}, publisher = { Academy of Medical Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran}, url = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-106-en.html}, eprint = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-106-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine}, issn = {2008-8574}, eissn = {}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {HosseiniYekta, N.}, title = {Introduction of Famous Scientists of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine: “Isa-Ibn Jazla”}, abstract ={This manuscript is a glance at the life of the sage hakim, Isa-Ibn Ali-Ibn Jazla, who was one of the famous scientists of the fifth Hijra century. The data presented are gathered and arranged by investigation of some reliable references. Besides medicine, he was an expert in literature and philosophy. However, most of his works dealt with medicine. One of his main books is the valuable text of Taqwim al-Abdan, which was creatively arranged like the stars in astronomical tables. After he converted to Islam, he wrote works in praise of Islam on the basis of verses of the old and new testaments. He died in 934 A.H.}, Keywords = {Ibn Jazla, Taqwim al-Abdan, Biography}, volume = {2}, Number = {4}, pages = {371-374}, publisher = { Academy of Medical Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran}, url = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-107-en.html}, eprint = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-107-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine}, issn = {2008-8574}, eissn = {}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {HosseiniAshkevari, S.S. and Babapour, Y.B}, title = {Introduction of Books: Al-Mohazzab Fi-Alkohl El-Mojarrab}, abstract ={One of the major works of Ibn Nafis, or in other words, his only book on ophthalmology is “Al-Mahzab fi al-Kohl al-Mojarrab.” In an introduction and two sections, the book addresses the theoretical and practical aspects of ophthalmology and simple and compound ophthalmic drugs and their formulations. In this book, Ibn Nafis deals with the scientific aspects of vision, and by rejecting the hypotheses of his predecessors, he proposed new hypotheses, which were scientific and novel for his time. His vision theory complements the theory proposed by Ibn Al-Haytham. Furthermore, he discussed the hypotheses provided by other scientists, and extended them in ten chapters. He also proposed some new ideas about ocular diseases and diplopia. In this paper, which is based on the manuscript of the book, we have attempted to evaluate the book chapters. Furthermore, the vision theory of Al Nafis was compared with those of his predecessors and his novel contributions were introduced}, Keywords = {Ophthalmology, Al-Mohazzab Fi-Alkohl El-Mojarrab, Ibn Nafis.}, volume = {2}, Number = {4}, pages = {375-384}, publisher = { Academy of Medical Sciences Islamic Republic of Iran}, url = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-108-en.html}, eprint = {http://jiitm.ir/article-1-108-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine}, issn = {2008-8574}, eissn = {}, year = {2012} }