Black pepper with more than 4000 years history of culture and consumption in India is a shrub which spherical fruits are considered as an important spice in all over the world. From the view of Iranian traditional medicine, it has hot and dry temperament and is used for phlegmatic diseases from different organs such as respiratory tract, gastrointestinal system, muscles, and joints. This plant does not exist in Iran and it is imported to Iran from India and Pakistan every year. Evaluation of traditional medicine and botany literatures shows that black pepper is corresponding to Piper nigrum L.